Rehersal in the sleep!

 

Getting better at something involves emotion. When we do well, we have good feelings—pride, pleasure, excitement—and these emotions help reinforce whatever behaviors we just engaged in. Similarly, the pain of failure makes recent behaviors less likely in the future. This is conditioning, and we’ve all experienced it—when we’re awake. But what about when we sleep? Sleep reinforces memories. We know this because after half an hour of sleep, people can remember things better than when they spend half an hour doing something else, like watching TV. Studies of rats show that their brains rehearse running through mazes while they sleep, in a process known as sleep replay. Memory’s function is to store information that will be useful. Because of this, our mind prioritizes remembering some things over others. Studies have shown, for example, that it’s easier to remember things that are useful for survival. Might sleep similarly focus on things that are particularly good or bad for us, like food and dangerous animals, and ignore things that are irrelevant to our well-being, like the exact shape of a cloud?

Our minds are rehearsing things during sleep and they preferentially feature things that are good for us over experiences that don’t matter to us. Does this have anything to do with dreaming? Well, none of the participants entered rapid-eye-movement (REM) sleep, which is when most dreams happen, during their time in the sleep lab. The neural replay happened only during slow-wave sleep when dreams tend to be infrequent, dull, and go unremembered. The participants might not even have been aware of the rehearsal their brains were engaged in. These rehearsals might not even be conscious!

Other evidence suggests that dreaming during REM sleep tends to be more negative—bad dreams are more common than good ones. This leads to the interesting idea that positive experiences are rehearsed during non-REM sleep, and negative ones are rehearsed during REM sleep.

Jim Davis 

Nautilus

Multiple Computations in the Brain

 

Whenever you are conscious, and perhaps even when you are not, multiple computations are going on in your brain, which maintain and update current answers to some key questions: Is anything new going on? Is there a threat? Are things going well? Should my attention be redirected? Is more effort needed for this task? You can think of a cockpit, with a set of dials that indicate the current values of each of these essential variables. The assessments are carried out automatically by System 1, and one of their functions is to determine whether extra effort is required from System 2.

Your brain is constantly reorganizing, growing, and changing

The first step in living a limitless, unlocked life is to know brains are constantly reorganizing, growing, and changing. Remembering that every day of our lives, we wake up with a changed brain. In every moment of our lives our brains have opportunities to make connections, to strengthen pathways, and to form new pathways. When we face a challenging situation, rather than turn away because of fear of not being good enough, we should dive in, knowing that the situation presents opportunities for brain growth. As we start to recognize the huge implications of the adaptability of our brains, we will start to open our minds, and live differently.

Brain Plasticity

 

Unfortunately our schools, colleges, businesses, and culture have, for hundreds of years, been built around the idea that some people can and some people can’t. This is why putting young students into different groups and teaching them differently made perfect sense. If individuals within a school or company weren’t reaching their potential, it was not due to teaching methods or environmental factors, but to their limited brains. But now, with decades of knowledge about brain plasticity, it is time that we eradicate this damaging myth about learning and potential.

Energized by the new evidence showing brain plasticity in animals, researchers began to look at the potential of human brains to change. One of the most compelling studies of the time came from London, the city where I had my first teaching and university job. London is one of the most vibrant cities in the world—and it is always filled with millions of residents and visitors. On any day in London you will see “black cabs” zipping around the thousands of major thruways, streets, and lanes. The drivers of these iconic taxicabs hold themselves to very high professional standards. Londoners know that if they get in a black cab and tell the driver a road to find, and the driver does not know it, the driver should be reported to black-cab authorities.

Knowing all the roads in London is quite a feat—and drivers go to huge lengths to learn them. In order to become a black-cab driver, you need to study for at least four years. The most recent cab driver I traveled with told me he had studied for seven years. During this time drivers must memorize every one of the twenty-five thousand streets and twenty thousand landmarks within a six-mile radius of the centrally located Charing Cross station—and every connection between them. This is not a task that can be accomplished through blind memorization—the drivers drive the roads, experiencing the streets, landmarks, and connections, so they can remember them. At the end of the training period, the drivers take a test that is aptly named “The Knowledge.” On average, people have to take the test twelve times in order to pass it.

The extent and focus of the deep training needed by black-cab drivers caught the attention of brain scientists, who decided to study the brains of the black-cab drivers before and after the training. Their research found that, after the intense spatial training, the hippocampus of the cab drivers’ brains had grown significantly.4 This study was significant for many reasons. First, the study was conducted with adults of a range of ages, all of whom showed significant brain growth and change. Second, the area of the brain that grew—the hippocampus—is important for all forms of spatial and mathematical thinking. 

Researchers also found that when black-cab drivers retired from cab driving, the hippocampus shrank back down again—not from age, but from lack of use. This degree of plasticity of the brain, the amount of change, shocked the scientific world. Brains were literally growing new connections and pathways as the adults studied and learned, and when the pathways were no longer needed, they faded away.

News is bad for you – and giving up reading it will make you happier

News is bad for your health. It leads to fear and aggression, and hinders your creativity and ability to think deeply. The solution? Stop consuming it altogether.

In the past few decades, the fortunate among us have recognised the hazards of living with an overabundance of food (obesity, diabetes) and have started to change our diets. But most of us do not yet understand that news is to the mind what sugar is to the body. News is easy to digest. The media feeds us small bites of trivial matter, tidbits that don't really concern our lives and don't require thinking. That's why we experience almost no saturation. Unlike reading books and long magazine articles (which require thinking), we can swallow limitless quantities of news flashes, which are bright-coloured candies for the mind. Today, we have reached the same point in relation to information that we faced 20 years ago in regard to food. We are beginning to recognise how toxic news can be.

News misleads. Take the following event (borrowed from Nassim Taleb). A car drives over a bridge, and the bridge collapses. What does the news media focus on? The car. The person in the car. Where he came from. Where he planned to go. How he experienced the crash (if he survived). But that is all irrelevant. What's relevant? The structural stability of the bridge. That's the underlying risk that has been lurking, and could lurk in other bridges. But the car is flashy, it's dramatic, it's a person (non-abstract), and it's news that's cheap to produce. News leads us to walk around with the completely wrong risk map in our heads. So terrorism is over-rated. Chronic stress is under-rated. The collapse of Lehman Brothers is overrated. Fiscal irresponsibility is under-rated. Astronauts are over-rated. Nurses are under-rated.

We are not rational enough to be exposed to the press. Watching an airplane crash on television is going to change your attitude toward that risk, regardless of its real probability. If you think you can compensate with the strength of your own inner contemplation, you are wrong. Bankers and economists – who have powerful incentives to compensate for news-borne hazards – have shown that they cannot. The only solution: cut yourself off from news consumption entirely.

News is irrelevant. Out of the approximately 10,000 news stories you have read in the last 12 months, name one that – because you consumed it – allowed you to make a better decision about a serious matter affecting your life, your career or your business. The point is: the consumption of news is irrelevant to you. But people find it very difficult to recognise what's relevant. It's much easier to recognise what's new. The relevant versus the new is the fundamental battle of the current age. Media organisations want you to believe that news offers you some sort of a competitive advantage. Many fall for that. We get anxious when we're cut off from the flow of news. In reality, news consumption is a competitive disadvantage. The less news you consume, the bigger the advantage you have.

News has no explanatory power. News items are bubbles popping on the surface of a deeper world. Will accumulating facts help you understand the world? Sadly, no. The relationship is inverted. The important stories are non-stories: slow, powerful movements that develop below journalists' radar but have a transforming effect. The more "news factoids" you digest, the less of the big picture you will understand. If more information leads to higher economic success, we'd expect journalists to be at the top of the pyramid. That's not the case.

News is toxic to your body. It constantly triggers the limbic system. Panicky stories spur the release of cascades of glucocorticoid (cortisol). This deregulates your immune system and inhibits the release of growth hormones. In other words, your body finds itself in a state of chronic stress. High glucocorticoid levels cause impaired digestion, lack of growth (cell, hair, bone), nervousness and susceptibility to infections. The other potential side-effects include fear, aggression, tunnel-vision and desensitisation.

News increases cognitive errors. News feeds the mother of all cognitive errors: confirmation bias. In the words of Warren Buffett: "What the human being is best at doing is interpreting all new information so that their prior conclusions remain intact." News exacerbates this flaw. We become prone to overconfidence, take stupid risks and misjudge opportunities. It also exacerbates another cognitive error: the story bias. Our brains crave stories that "make sense" – even if they don't correspond to reality. Any journalist who writes, "The market moved because of X" or "the company went bankrupt because of Y" is an idiot. I am fed up with this cheap way of "explaining" the world.

News inhibits thinking. Thinking requires concentration. Concentration requires uninterrupted time. News pieces are specifically engineered to interrupt you. They are like viruses that steal attention for their own purposes. News makes us shallow thinkers. But it's worse than that. News severely affects memory. There are two types of memory. Long-range memory's capacity is nearly infinite, but working memory is limited to a certain amount of slippery data. The path from short-term to long-term memory is a choke-point in the brain, but anything you want to understand must pass through it. If this passageway is disrupted, nothing gets through. Because news disrupts concentration, it weakens comprehension. Online news has an even worse impact. In a 2001 study two scholars in Canada showed that comprehension declines as the number of hyperlinks in a document increases. Why? Because whenever a link appears, your brain has to at least make the choice not to click, which in itself is distracting. News is an intentional interruption system.

News works like a drug. As stories develop, we want to know how they continue. With hundreds of arbitrary storylines in our heads, this craving is increasingly compelling and hard to ignore. Scientists used to think that the dense connections formed among the 100 billion neurons inside our skulls were largely fixed by the time we reached adulthood. Today we know that this is not the case. Nerve cells routinely break old connections and form new ones. The more news we consume, the more we exercise the neural circuits devoted to skimming and multitasking while ignoring those used for reading deeply and thinking with profound focus. Most news consumers – even if they used to be avid book readers – have lost the ability to absorb lengthy articles or books. After four, five pages they get tired, their concentration vanishes, they become restless. It's not because they got older or their schedules became more onerous. It's because the physical structure of their brains has changed.

News wastes time. If you read the newspaper for 15 minutes each morning, then check the news for 15 minutes during lunch and 15 minutes before you go to bed, then add five minutes here and there when you're at work, then count distraction and refocusing time, you will lose at least half a day every week. Information is no longer a scarce commodity. But attention is. You are not that irresponsible with your money, reputation or health. Why give away your mind?

News makes us passive. News stories are overwhelmingly about things you cannot influence. The daily repetition of news about things we can't act upon makes us passive. It grinds us down until we adopt a worldview that is pessimistic, desensitised, sarcastic and fatalistic. The scientific term is "learned helplessness". It's a bit of a stretch, but I would not be surprised if news consumption, at least partially contributes to the widespread disease of depression.

News kills creativity. Finally, things we already know limit our creativity. This is one reason that mathematicians, novelists, composers and entrepreneurs often produce their most creative works at a young age. Their brains enjoy a wide, uninhabited space that emboldens them to come up with and pursue novel ideas. I don't know a single truly creative mind who is a news junkie – not a writer, not a composer, mathematician, physician, scientist, musician, designer, architect or painter. On the other hand, I know a bunch of viciously uncreative minds who consume news like drugs. If you want to come up with old solutions, read news. If you are looking for new solutions, don't.

Society needs journalism – but in a different way. Investigative journalism is always relevant. We need reporting that polices our institutions and uncovers truth. But important findings don't have to arrive in the form of news. Long journal articles and in-depth books are good, too.

I have now gone without news for four years, so I can see, feel and report the effects of this freedom first-hand: less disruption, less anxiety, deeper thinking, more time, more insights. It's not easy, but it's worth it.

Rolf Dobelli

https://www.theguardian.com/media/2013/apr/12/news-is-bad-rolf-dobelli


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Beyin Haritaları

Bilimciler artık beyin "haritaları" çıkarabiliyorlar ve gönüllü deneklerde kimi duyguları uyararak sadece en derin düşüncelerimizi değil, en karanlık arzularımızı da analiz edebiliyorlar. Sözgelimi, Illinois Northwestern Üniversitesi'ndeki araştırmacılar, şehvet duygusunun beynin derinlerindeki ilkel limbik sistemde yattığını gösterdiler. Japonya'da Radyoloji Bilimleri Ulusal Enstitüsü'ndeki araştırmacılar yedi büyük günahtan biri olan kıskançlığı araştırırken, beynin kökündeki ventral striatum bölgesinin, denekler başarılı insanlarla ilgili pasajlar okuduğunda aydınlandığını gördüler.

10 Bin Saat Kuralı

“Araştırmaları (K. Anders Ericsson) şunu gösteriyor ki bir öğrenci en iyi müzik okullarından birine girebilecek kadar yetenekliyse onun performansını bir diğerininkinden ayıran ne kadar çok çalıştığı oluyor. O kadar. Dahası, zirvedeki insanlar sadece daha fazla çalışmakla, hatta herkesten çok daha fazla çalışmakla kalmıyor. Çok çok daha fazla çalışıyor.

Karmaşık bir görevi mükemmel biçimde yerine getirmenin en az kritik düzeyde bir pratik gerektirdiğine ilişkin fikir, uzmanlık çalışmalarında tekrar tekrar su yüzüne çıkıyor. Hatta araştırmacılar gerçek uzmanlık için sihirli sayının 10 bin saat olduğuna ilişkin inançlarında fikir birliğine varmış durumda.

Bu tür çalışmalardan ortaya çıkan tablo –herhangi bir şeyde– dünya klasmanında bir uzman olmayı sağlayacak ustalık düzeyine ulaşmak için 10 bin saat pratik gerektiğine işaret ediyor” diyor nörolog Daniel Levitin. “Besteciler, basketbol oyuncuları, kurmaca yazarları, buz patencileri, konser piyanistleri, satranç oyuncuları ve diğerleri üzerine ardı ardına yapılan çalışmalarda bu sayı tekrar tekrar ortaya çıkıyor. Hiç kuşkusuz, bu kimilerinin yaptığı pratikten neden diğerlerinden daha fazla şey sağladığını açıklamıyor. Ancak henüz hiç kimse, gerçek anlamda dünya klasmanında uzmanlığın daha kısa zamanda yakalandığı bir vaka ile karşılaşmadı. Görünen o ki gerçek uzmanlığa ulaşmak için beynin bilmesi gerekenlerle kaynaşması bu kadar zaman alıyor.”

Beyin

“Aşağı yukarı 1300 gram olan beyinde, on milyar civarinda sinir hücresi vardir ve bu hücrelerin her biri, bir katrilyon bağlantiyi meydana getirmek için yeteri kadar fiber gönderir. Bu ise bir milyon mil karelik alani kaplayan, keşif bir ormandaki yaprakların sayısına eşittir.”

 Michael Denton, Evolution: A Theory in Crisis, 330